![]() ![]() Their impact on total P loss was inconsistent across studies and complicated by soil, climate, and management factors. In cold climatic regions, cover crops and crop residues generally prevented soil erosion and loss of particle-bound P during nongrowing seasons in erodible landscapes but tended to elevate dissolved P loss in nonerodible soils. However, total P losses in surface runoff and subsurface drainage from cropped fields under cold climates were much lower than plant WEP, owing to retention of 45 to >99% of released P by soil. For example, WEP was greater in brassica cover crops than in non-brassicas, and increased with repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Water-extractable P concentrations are influenced by plant type and freezing regimes. Here, we review the impacts of cover crops and crop residues on dissolved P and total P loss in cold climates across ∼41 studies, exploring linkages between water-extractable P (WEP) in plant materials and P loss in surface runoff and subsurface drainage. In cold climates, elevated dissolved P losses can occur associated with freeze–thaw of plant materials. The use of cover crops and crop residues is a common strategy to mitigate sediment and nutrient losses from land to water. ![]()
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